CAPE VERDE (GREEN CAPE ISLANDS) – MARINE LIFE THAT CAN BE SEEN IN DIVING

Cape Verde is a volcanic archipelago located approximately 500–600 km off the coast of Africa. In this region where tropical East Atlantic fauna meets open ocean species, sharks, rays, large pelagic fish, and coastal fish endemic to Cape Verde are particularly notable.

In current scientific inventories, 393 fish species have been recorded in Cape Verde's coastal waters between 0–200 m, with 23 of them reported to be endemic to the archipelago.

★ Cape Verde endemic

1. Sharks

Lemon shark – Negaprion brevirostris

Distribution and habitat: Found in the coastal waters of tropical and subtropical Atlantic. Shallow bays, sandy areas, and sheltered coasts are particularly important, especially for juveniles. Young lemon sharks have been shown to prefer shallower and warmer waters with sandy or rocky bottoms. Around Cape Verde, there are also suitable coastal habitats for the species.

Interesting fact — Juveniles growing in shallow waters: Young lemon sharks do not wander aimlessly. Research shows they select specific coastal habitats and change their area use based on tidal conditions and daytime conditions. During high tide they may approach the shore, while at low tide they can move to more open areas and increase feeding activity.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to a large-bodied shark swimming calmly parallel to the bottom in shallow sandy areas. The similar size of the two dorsal fins helps with identification.

Note for divers: Especially during shallow coastal dives, look not only into open water but also slightly above the sandy bottom. Juveniles can be found in surprisingly shallow waters.

Note for photographers: Instead of approaching the animal head-on, predict its direction of travel and shoot from the side profile. Frames showing both dorsal fins together better reflect the characteristic appearance of the species.

Scientific source: Morrissey, J. F., & Gruber, S. H. (1993). Habitat selection by juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 38, 311–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007524

Nurse shark – Ginglymostoma cirratum

Distribution and habitat: Found in the West Atlantic as well as the East Atlantic off Cape Verde and West African coasts. Generally inhabits shallow rocky areas, caves, crevices, and sandy bottoms. Cape Verde is within the natural distribution range of the species.

Interesting fact — Rests during the day, hunts at night: Nurse sharks are mostly active at night. During daytime hours they may lie motionless under rocks or in caves; they can even reuse the same resting spot for extended periods. In some areas, several individuals may rest together.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Look under rocky outcrops, at cave entrances, and in shaded areas on sandy bottoms. The fact that it is lying motionless does not mean it is sick; this is typical daytime behavior for this species.

Note for divers: Do not approach a resting individual too closely and do not block its escape route. Despite its calm appearance, it can respond strongly when disturbed.

Note for photographers: A slight diagonal angle from the front that shows the two small barbel-like whiskers on the head region gives a good sense of the species' character.

Scientific source: Compagno, L. J. V. (2001). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. FAO.

Blacktip shark – Carcharhinus limbatus

Distribution and habitat: Distributed in the coastal sections of tropical and subtropical seas. Bays, continental shelves, lagoons, and shallow coastal habitats are important for juveniles. Around Cape Verde, particularly in the shark pupping areas near Boa Vista, juveniles have been recorded.

Interesting fact — Safe areas for juvenile sharks: Studies conducted in Sal Rei Bay off Boa Vista have shown that juveniles of multiple species, including the blacktip shark, use the same coastal area. This suggests that the region may be a diverse shark pupping area.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to individuals that are in constant motion in open water with a thin and hydrodynamic body. Dark coloration on the fin tips can be particularly striking on the dorsal and pectoral fins.

Note for divers: This species is generally active. Rather than attempting to approach, maintaining your position and waiting for the animal's natural passage provides better observation.

Note for photographers: Side profile frames where the black fin tips stand out against clear blue water are stronger in terms of species identification.

Scientific source: Rosa, R., et al. (2023). Evidence for the first multi-species shark nursery area in Atlantic Africa (Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde). Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1077748.

Milky shark – Rhizoprionodon acutus

Distribution and habitat: A small to medium-sized shark distributed in the warm coastal waters of the East Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. Nearshore waters, sandy areas, and shallow bays are frequently used. Around Cape Verde, it has been recorded among juvenile shark communities near Boa Vista.

Interesting fact — A species overshadowed by the great sharks: The milk shark, while not as well-known for diving tourism as the hammerhead or lemon shark, is an important member of coastal shark communities. Studies in Boa Vista have shown that juvenile individuals share the same pupping grounds with other shark species.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to relatively small sharks with slender bodies, pointed snouts, and fast movements. Most of the time they do not remain around divers for as long as larger species.

Note for divers: Do not immediately label a small shark as a "juvenile lemon" or "juvenile blacktip." Cape Verde has high species diversity of small coastal sharks.

Note for photographers: For species identification, try to capture the snout profile, the first and second dorsal fins, and the tail region in the same frame.

Scientific source: Rosa, R., et al. (2023). Evidence for the first multi-species shark nursery area in Atlantic Africa (Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde). Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1077748.

Scalloped hammerhead shark – Sphyrna lewini

Distribution and habitat: Found in tropical and warm temperate seas. Juvenile individuals use coastal and shallow areas, while adults are more associated with the open ocean, island slopes, and deep waters. Records of this species exist in Cape Verde waters.

Interesting fact — Head shape is not just for appearance: The hammer-shaped wide head structure spreads the eyes apart, increasing the field of vision. It also allows electroreceptors distributed along the head to function over a wider area; this system is particularly important for detecting the electrical signals of prey hidden under sand.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to open water and reef edges where depth increases. Hammerheads often do not patrol very close to the bottom; they can be spotted from a distance as silhouettes.

Note for divers: In areas where hammerheads are likely to be seen, it is a serious mistake to spend the entire dive looking at the wall. Occasionally check the open blue.

Note for photographers: A slightly frontal or diagonal angle shows the characteristic head structure better than a side profile. Wait for the animal to pass rather than cutting off its front.

Scientific source: Compagno, L. J. V. (1984). FAO Species Catalogue. Sharks of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125.

Blue shark – Prionace glauca

Distribution and habitat: An open ocean shark with wide distribution in temperate and tropical oceans of the world. Unlike coastal species, it spends most of its life in pelagic waters and is capable of very long-distance movements.

Interesting fact — The ocean's long-distance traveler: Blue sharks are also highly mobile vertically. Satellite and tracking studies have shown that individuals use different depths during the day and move between the surface and deep pelagic layers. Even in classic habitat studies conducted on lemon sharks, the large-scale movements of blue sharks were a separate subject of comparison.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Long pectoral fins, slender body, and distinctive blue coloring are the most distinctive features. They typically approach in wide circles through open water.

Note for divers: When searching for this species, looking at the bottom makes little sense. If blue shark diving is done off Cape Verde, all attention should be directed to the water column.

Note for photographers: The most powerful photograph of a blue shark is often a silhouette taken from a slightly diagonal front angle in blue water where the animal does not disappear. Try to keep the sun behind you.

Scientific source: Carey, F. G., & Scharold, J. V. (1990). Movements of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in depth and course. Marine Biology, 106, 329–342.

Sand tiger shark – Carcharias taurus

Distribution and habitat: Shows patchy distribution in warm-temperate coasts of the Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific oceans. Associated with rocky reefs, wrecks, sandy areas, and continental shelf regions. Records exist from Cape Verde.

Interesting fact — Competition begins in the womb: The sand tiger shark has one of the most unusual reproductive strategies among sharks. As embryos develop in the womb, the first-developing embryo consumes the other embryos. This is called intrauterine cannibalism or adelphophagy. As a result, the female typically gives birth to very few but highly developed offspring, usually one from each uterus.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Its large body and long, pointed teeth visible even when its mouth is closed are initially frightening. However, it usually swims slowly and deliberately.

Note for divers: The visibility of its teeth does not mean it is aggressive; it is an anatomical characteristic of the species. Do not approach so closely as to cause the animal to change direction.

Note for photographers: In frames taken from a slightly frontal angle, the protruding teeth and large body look very impressive. A wide-angle lens is ideal for this species.

Scientific source: Gilmore, R. G., Dodrill, J. W., & Linley, P. A. (1983). Reproduction and embryonic development of the sand tiger shark, Odontaspis taurus. Fishery Bulletin, 81, 201–225.

Whale shark – Rhincodon typus

Distribution and habitat: It shows a wide distribution in pelagic waters of tropical and warm temperate oceans. It can be found in the open ocean as well as around coasts, islands, and reefs where plankton density increases. It is known to dive to depths exceeding 700 meters.

Interesting information — Spots are like a fingerprint: The white spot and stripe patterns on the whale shark differ among individuals. In particular, the patterns behind the gill slits can be used in photo-identification studies, making it possible to recognize the same individual years later or hundreds of kilometers away.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Individuals swimming slowly near the surface can be seen especially in areas where plankton density increases. While feeding, it opens its wide mouth to filter water.

Note for divers: Being recorded in Cape Verde does not mean encounters are common. The whale shark should be considered one of the "rare but possible" species for this tour.

Note for photographers: A wide-angle composition that provides scale alongside a diver is more powerful than trying to fit the entire animal in the frame. A sharp photograph of the spot pattern behind the gill slits is additionally valuable in terms of photo-identification.

Scientific source: Rowat, D., & Brooks, K. S. (2012). A review of the biology, fisheries and conservation of the whale shark Rhincodon typus. Journal of Fish Biology, 80(5), 1019–1056.

2. Rays and Mantas

Oceanic manta – Mobula birostris

Distribution and habitat: It shows wide distribution in the open waters of tropical and subtropical oceans. It is associated with ocean islands, seamounts, productive open water areas, and regions where plankton density increases. Its presence in Cape Verde waters has been confirmed.

Interesting information — Belly patterns are like a fingerprint: The distribution of black spots and marks on the belly surface of oceanic mantas differs in each individual. Researchers can use these patterns in photo-identification studies to recognize the same individual years later.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Check the open water, particularly capes where currents collect plankton and the outer sides of walls opening to depth. Feeding mantas may make circular movements with their wide mouths open.

Note for divers: Rather than cutting in front of the animal, stay fixed outside the passage line. If the manta approaches of its own volition, the encounter will last longer.

Note for photographers: Photograph the belly surface clearly if possible. A frame showing the complete pectoral fins and belly patterns is valuable both aesthetically and scientifically.

Scientific source: Marshall, A. D., Compagno, L. J. V., & Bennett, M. B. (2009). Redescription of the genus Manta with resurrection of Manta alfredi. Zootaxa, 2301, 1–28.

Round stingray – Taeniurops grabatus

Distribution and habitat: Found in warm waters of the eastern Atlantic and surrounding areas. Sandy bottoms, rock-sand transitions, and flat areas around reefs are typical habitats. It has current and verified records from Cape Verde.

Interesting information — It can become invisible in the sand: This large ray can bury much of its body in sand, leaving only its eyes and spiracles exposed. This camouflage helps both protect against predators and wait for prey.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? If you notice a circular bulge on the sand, two eyes, or slightly moving sand, look carefully before approaching.

Note for divers: Do not swim over an individual lying in the sand or attempt to lift it. The tail contains a spine that can be used in defense.

Note for photographers: A slightly overhead and diagonal angle shows the round disk form well. It is better to photograph the animal where it rests rather than approaching to make it move.

Scientific source: Last, P. R., Naylor, G. J. P., & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. M. (2016). A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae. Zootaxa, 4139(3), 345–368.

Common eagle ray – Myliobatis aquila

Distribution and habitat: Seen in coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and surrounding areas. It moves between sandy and muddy bottoms and rock-sand transitions. It is among verified species in the Cape Verde coastal fish fauna.

Interesting information — It crushes prey on the bottom to open it: Eagle rays can use their powerful jaws and flattened tooth plates to crack hard-shelled prey such as mussels, snails, and crustaceans.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to individuals gliding low over sandy bottoms or creating small sand clouds while disturbing the substrate.

Note for divers: If an individual is feeding on the bottom, observe from some distance rather than approaching it. You can watch their natural behavior for longer during feeding.

Note for photographers: Frames taken from a side profile while gliding are the images that best show the pointed pectoral fins and long tail.

Scientific source: Serena, F. (2005). Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. FAO.

Spotted eagle ray – Aetobatus narinari

Distribution and habitat: Seen in coastal and open waters of tropical and subtropical seas. It can be found around reef edges, sandy areas, lagoons, and islands. Aetobatus narinari has been verified at species level in Cape Verde.

Interesting information — Pattern varies in each individual: The distribution of white spots and rings on the dorsal surface can vary between individuals. These patterns can help with individual identification in some photo-ID studies.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to individuals feeding on sandy bottoms as well as those gliding toward open water. They can use their snout to rake through the sand.

Note for divers: They usually move away from an approaching diver. Rather than swimming after them, it is better to remain still and predict their direction of movement.

Note for photographers: Shots taken from slightly above show dorsal patterns well; shots from below better show the characteristic head and wing structure.

Scientific source: White, W. T., Last, P. R., Naylor, G. J. P., Jensen, K., & Caira, J. N. (2010). Clarification of Aetobatus taxonomy and distribution. Zootaxa.

3. Sea turtles

Loggerhead sea turtle – Caretta caretta

Distribution and habitat: Widely distributed in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans as well as the Mediterranean Sea. While adults use coastal feeding areas, they also undertake long-distance migrations. Cape Verde is globally important as a nesting area for the Northeast Atlantic Caretta caretta population.

Interesting information — Cape Verde as a separate management unit: Caretta caretta individuals nesting in Cape Verde are treated as a Northeast Atlantic regional management unit in global conservation assessments. This demonstrates the importance of the archipelago in the global conservation of the species.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to individuals exploring the bottom at rock-sand transitions and benthic feeding areas. They can feed on mollusks and crustaceans with their powerful jaws.

Note for divers: Do not block a resting individual's path to the surface. The turtle needs to reach the surface to breathe.

Note for photographers: Photograph from the side or slightly diagonal rather than from in front of the animal. Shots taken from below of individuals rising to the water surface provide good perspective.

Scientific source: Wallace, B. P., et al. (2011). Global conservation priorities for marine turtles. PLoS ONE, 6(9), e24510.

Green sea turtle – Chelonia mydas

Distribution and habitat: Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical seas. Juveniles use different feeding areas, while a significant portion of adults are associated with seagrass beds and shallow coastal areas with algae.

Interesting information — Diet changes with age: Young green turtles may use a more varied diet, while in many adult populations algae and seagrass become important food sources.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to individuals regularly grazing on algae-covered rocks or vegetated areas. A turtle repeatedly biting the same area indicates feeding behavior.

Note for divers: Do not approach a feeding individual from the front. When remaining still, the turtle usually continues its natural behavior.

Note for photographers: Side profile shots where the head and front flippers are in the same frame while feeding better convey the behavior.

Scientific source: Haywood, J. C., et al. (2019). Beyond trophic morphology: Stable isotopes reveal ubiquitous versatility in marine turtle trophic ecology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 127, 409–427.

Hawksbill sea turtle – Eretmochelys imbricata

Distribution and habitat: Distributed in tropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Particularly associated with rocky and reef habitats. Sponges play an important role in their diet.

Interesting information — Sponge hunter: The hawksbill turtle's thin and hooked beak is well-suited for extracting sponges and other benthic organisms from crevices in reefs and rocky areas.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Individuals carefully pecking at rocky surfaces or inserting their heads into crevices may be feeding.

Note for divers: To avoid confusing this species with Caretta caretta, pay attention to the pointed beak and overlapping carapace plates.

Note for photographers: Photographing the head area from a side profile distinctly shows the characteristic "hawksbill beak."

Olive ridley sea turtle – Lepidochelys olivacea

Distribution and habitat: Found in tropical Pacific, Indian Ocean, and parts of the Atlantic. Moves between open water and coastal habitats; diet can include crustaceans, mollusks, fish, and various other organisms.

Interesting information — Arribada behavior: Some populations of this species exhibit an extraordinary breeding behavior called "arribada," in which thousands of females come ashore to nest on the same beach within a short time period. However, this behavior is not observed in all populations.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to the generally smaller and more rounded carapace structure compared to Caretta caretta.

Note for divers: The probability of encountering Caretta caretta in Cape Verde is not as high; therefore, if sighted, it is valuable to obtain as good photographic records as possible.

Note for photographers: The dorsal view of the carapace may show the plate arrangement that could be useful in species identification.

Scientific source: Plotkin, P. T. (2007). Biology and Conservation of Ridley Sea Turtles. Johns Hopkins University Press.

4. Large pelagic fish

Greater amberjack – Seriola dumerili

Distribution and habitat: Common in the Atlantic, Mediterranean and other warm-temperate seas. Found around rocky promontories, wrecks, offshore reefs and underwater ridges.

Interesting fact — Hidden when small, predator when large: Young individuals can be found around floating objects and jellyfish, while adults become powerful pelagic predators.

Behavior — what should divers look for? Look for large, elongated individuals waiting against the current above underwater ridges or on the seaward side of walls.

Note for divers: If several individuals are seen, there may be a larger group nearby; check the open water.

Note for photographers: Shoot from side profile to show the fish's powerful body structure and yellowish tail.

Scientific source: Smith-Vaniz, W. F. (1986). Carangidae. In Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Almaco jack – Seriola rivoliana

Distribution and habitat: Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical oceans. Found around ocean islands, reef edges and structures descending into deep water.

Interesting fact — Relative of the greater amberjack but with a taller body: Seriola rivoliana can be confused with S. dumerili; however, its body is taller and the second dorsal fin is noticeably longer.

Behavior — what should divers look for? Usually cruises in open water, several meters outside the rocks.

Note for divers: When amberjack is sighted, do not immediately identify the species; look at body height and fin proportions.

Note for photographers: Full side profile is the most useful angle for later comparison of the two Seriola species.

Scientific source: Smith-Vaniz, W. F. (1986). Carangidae. In Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Black trevally – Caranx lugubris

Distribution and habitat: Common around islands and offshore reefs of tropical oceans. Deep walls of volcanic islands and underwater ridges are typical habitats.

Interesting fact — Predator of deep water edges: Black trevally generally prefers steep reef walls facing the open sea rather than shallow lagoons close to shore.

Behavior — what should divers look for? Look for dark-colored, tall-bodied trevallies on the seaward side of walls or in the current line.

Note for divers: When you spot a single individual, check the blue behind it; other individuals may be further away.

Note for photographers: The dark body creates strong contrast against the open blue background.

Scientific source: Smith-Vaniz, W. F. (1995). Carangidae. In FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes.

Crevalle jack – Caranx hippos

Distribution and habitat: Common in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic. Can be seen in various habitats from coastal areas to open water reefs.

Interesting fact — Can hunt in schools: Groups of crevalle jack can coordinately squeeze and hunt small fish schools.

Behavior — what should divers look for? Sudden compression or directional change of a small fish school may indicate the approach of large jacks.

Note for divers: Do not enter the fish school once hunting begins; observing from a distance allows you to see the behavior better.

Note for photographers: Capturing the predator and the squeezed prey school in the same frame creates the most powerful composition.

Scientific source: Smith-Vaniz, W. F. (1995). Carangidae. In FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes.

Atlantic bonito – Sarda sarda

Distribution and habitat: Found in coastal and open waters of the Atlantic and Mediterranean. A fast-swimming schooling fish.

Interesting fact — A predator adapted for continuous swimming: Its torpedo-shaped body and powerful tail structure are suited for high-speed swimming.

Behavior — what should divers look for? Watch for silver-colored fish passing rapidly around small fish schools.

Note for divers: Most encounters last very briefly; follow the open water as soon as you see them.

Note for photographers: Continuous shooting mode provides an advantage due to their speed.

Scientific source: Collette, B. B., & Nauen, C. E. (1983). FAO Species Catalogue. Scombrids of the World. FAO.

Wahoo – Acanthocybium solandri

Distribution and habitat: Found worldwide in open waters of tropical and subtropical oceans. May approach shore around ocean islands.

Interesting fact — One of the ocean's sprinters: Its slender body, powerful tail stock and fin structure are adapted for short bursts of very high speed swimming.

Behavior — what should divers look for? Most often passes rapidly through open water singly or in small groups.

Note for divers: Be prepared for very brief encounters; it is usually not possible to follow the animal.

Note for photographers: Camera settings should be kept ready for pelagic encounters throughout the dive.

Scientific source: Collette, B. B., & Nauen, C. E. (1983). FAO Species Catalogue. Scombrids of the World. FAO.

Barracuda – Sphyraena spp.

Distribution and habitat: Different Sphyraena species are seen in tropical and subtropical seas, from coastal reefs to open ocean areas.

Interesting fact — Schools can change direction instantly: The simultaneous direction change of individuals in barracuda schools may be related to both predator pressure and coordination within the school.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Look for long, slender silhouettes suspended in the middle of the water.

Note for divers: Staying on the outer edge rather than entering the school directly allows you to observe their behavior better.

Note for photographers: Shooting the school from a diagonal angle highlights the repetitive body shapes of individuals.

Scientific source: Carpenter, K. E., & De Angelis, N. (Eds.). (2016). The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. FAO.

Yellowfin tuna – Thunnus albacares

Distribution and habitat: Distributed in the open waters of tropical and subtropical oceans.

Interesting fact — A fast hunter capable of retaining heat: The advanced circulatory system in tunas helps retain some of the heat produced by active muscles. This feature supports prolonged high-performance swimming.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Large, torpedo-shaped fish moving rapidly through the open blue water and distinctive bright yellow second dorsal and anal fins are identifying features.

Note for divers: Encounters are usually from a distance and brief.

Note for photographers: Using a wide angle and fast shutter speeds are helpful.

Scientific source: Collette, B. B., & Nauen, C. E. (1983). FAO Species Catalogue. Scombrids of the World. FAO.

Bigeye tuna – Thunnus obesus

Distribution and habitat: Lives in the open waters of tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.

Interesting fact — Dives deep during the day: Bigeye tunas can descend hundreds of meters during the day and rise to shallower water layers at night.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Regular encounters are not expected at recreational diving depths; open water passages are more of a chance encounter.

Note for divers: Being recorded in Cape Verde does not mean you will see it frequently while diving.

Note for photographers: If an encounter occurs, a lateral profile showing body depth and large eyes helps with species identification.

Scientific source: Collette, B. B., & Nauen, C. E. (1983). FAO Species Catalogue. Scombrids of the World. FAO.

5. Groupers and large rocky area fish

Brown grouper – Epinephelus marginatus

Distribution and habitat: Found in the Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and surrounding warm-temperate waters. Rocky reefs, caves, large blocks and creviced bottoms are typical habitats. It is one of the confirmed coastal fish species in Cape Verde.

Interesting fact — It can change sex throughout its life: The brown grouper is a protogynous hermaphrodite. A significant portion of individuals begin life as females; some change to males at more advanced ages. For this reason, the loss of large and old individuals to fishing can directly affect the reproductive structure of the population.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Look for individuals standing at the edges of large rock blocks, at cave entrances, and in openings where they can control their field of vision. Rather than fleeing directly from the diver, they may observe while maintaining distance for a while.

Note for divers: If a grouper enters a cave, do not follow it inside. When you retreat a few meters and wait, the curious individual may emerge again.

Note for photographers: Shooting from eye level and at a slight diagonal angle gives the best view of head and body structure. Shots taken from above make the large fish appear smaller than it actually is.

Scientific source: Heemstra, P. C., & Randall, J. E. (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Groupers of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125.

Island grouper – Mycteroperca fusca

Distribution and habitat: A grouper strongly associated with ocean islands in the Eastern Atlantic. Found on rocky coasts, reefs and steep walls in the Macaronesian islands and Cape Verde. One of the large rocky fish regularly recorded in Cape Verde field surveys.

Interesting fact — Its color is not fixed: Mycteroperca fusca can change its body color quite rapidly depending on surroundings, social status and behavior. The same individual can shift from a light brown to a much darker appearance during a single dive.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to long-bodied and active groupers positioned slightly away from rocky walls. They can be seen in more open areas than Epinephelus species.

Note for divers: Do not identify the species based on color alone. Body shape, head profile and fin structure are as important as color.

Note for photographers: If you notice the species' color change, taking several shots of the same individual a few minutes apart creates a good behavioral record.

Scientific source: Heemstra, P. C., & Randall, J. E. (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Groupers of the World. FAO.

White grouper – Epinephelus aeneus

Distribution and habitat: Found in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. Can be found in sand-rock transitions, soft bottoms close to shore, and around rocky structures.

Interesting fact — Lines on its face are a good clue: Light and dark lines extending from around the eyes, especially in adult individuals, can assist in species identification. Due to the variable body color, facial pattern is often a more reliable character.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to large individuals in rock-sand transitions and just outside rocky outcrops rather than deep cave interiors.

Note for divers: Identifying a grouper by color alone can be misleading in Cape Verde. Evaluate head pattern and body proportions together.

Note for photographers: Slightly angled shots showing the head area are better suited to capture the characteristic lines around the eyes.

Scientific source: Heemstra, P. C., & Randall, J. E. (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Groupers of the World. FAO.

African grouper – Cephalopholis taeniops

Distribution and habitat: Found in tropical Eastern Atlantic. Occurs on rocky reefs, volcanic pinnacles, and small cave systems. One of the characteristic reef fish that can be encountered on Cape Verde dives.

Interesting fact — Red predator covered with blue spots: Small blue spots scattered over a red-orange body is the most striking feature of this species. Despite this vivid coloration, it can be surprisingly well camouflaged in rocky and shaded habitat.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Watch for individuals hovering just above rocks and making sudden short strikes at small fish.

Note for divers: If a grouper is waiting at the cave mouth, watch the behavior of small fish around it; you may notice a hunting attempt beforehand.

Note for photographers: Blue spots appear much more prominent when flash is used compared to natural light.

Scientific source: Heemstra, P. C., & Randall, J. E. (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Groupers of the World. FAO.

6. Moray eels

African moray – Muraena melanotis

Distribution and habitat: Found in tropical Eastern Atlantic, particularly around West African coasts and Cape Verde. Lives in rocky crevices, caves, and reef holes.

Interesting fact — It has a second jaw: Moray eels have a second jaw system in the throat called the pharyngeal jaw. When prey is caught, this structure moves forward to help transport food from the mouth to the esophagus.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? During the day you can only see the head protruding from rocks. At night, individuals may come out completely and actively hunt.

Note for divers: Opening and closing its mouth is often not a threat behavior. Moray eels do this to pass water through their mouth and ventilate their gills.

Note for photographers: Angled portrait shots using flash to show the white-blue spotted head pattern are quite striking.

Scientific source: Böhlke, E. B., McCosker, J. E., & Böhlke, J. E. (1989). Family Muraenidae. In Fishes of the Western North Atlantic.

Mediterranean moray – Muraena helena

Distribution and habitat: Found in Eastern Atlantic, Macaronesia, and the Mediterranean. Rocky coasts, caves, and crevices are typical habitats. Among confirmed species on Cape Verde reef fish lists.

Interesting fact — Sense of smell is more important than sight: Moray eels have relatively limited vision; in contrast, their olfactory system is highly developed. Chemical signals play an important role in finding prey during nighttime hunting.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Can be seen in caves and crevices during the day, and roaming over the bottom at night.

Note for divers: Do not put your hand into a rock crevice you cannot see. This rule applies to moray eels as much as to other rocky fauna.

Note for photographers: If the animal is at the cave entrance, including surrounding sponges and other benthic organisms in the frame also shows the Cape Verde rocky habitat.

Scientific source: Bauchot, M. L. (1986). Muraenidae. In Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean.

Tiger moray – Enchelycore anatina

Distribution and habitat: Found in Eastern Atlantic and Macaronesia in rocky habitats. Confirmed in Cape Verde reef fish fauna.

Interesting fact — Teeth are designed to catch fish: Its long, thin, and backward-curved teeth are particularly suited to gripping slippery fish. It is normal that some teeth are visible even when the mouth is closed.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Easy to spot in narrow rock crevices by its yellowish head and dark spotted pattern. May be more in the open at night.

Note for divers: Visible teeth are not a sign of aggression; they are an anatomical feature of the species.

Note for photographers: Shooting the head slightly from an angle shows both the teeth and nose structure well.

Scientific source: Böhlke, E. B., McCosker, J. E., & Böhlke, J. E. (1989). Family Muraenidae. In Fishes of the Western North Atlantic.

Brown moray – Gymnothorax unicolor

Distribution and habitat: Found in the rocky waters of Eastern Atlantic and Macaronesia. Generally stays associated with rocky crevices and caves.

Interesting information — Inconspicuous but well camouflaged: Unlike some morays, this species lacks distinct markings. Its uniform brownish coloration makes the animal difficult to spot in shadowy rock crevices.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Search for the head silhouette in the shadows of deep crevices. Mouth movement rather than the eyes sometimes gives away the animal.

Note for divers: Do not immediately classify small and dark-colored morays as young Muraena; Cape Verde has more than one similar species.

Note for photographers: Flash or strong focus light can be helpful due to the dark habitat; however, do not expose the animal to direct light for extended periods.

Scientific source: Smith, D. G. (2012). A checklist of the moray eels of the world. Zootaxa, 3474, 1–64.

7. Endemic fish species specific to Cape Verde

The following 19 species are among the Cape Verde endemics that can be targeted, particularly from the perspective of divers and underwater photographers. The current endemic list contains a total of 23 coastal fish species; a significant portion of these are small, bottom-dwelling, and easily overlooked species.

★ Lubbock's chromis – Chromis lubbocki

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. Found over rocky reefs and volcanic slopes, usually in small schools in the water column. Among endemic Cape Verde reef fish, it is one of the most easily observed.

Interesting information — Small but biogeographically very valuable: It may appear as an ordinary chromis; however, its natural distribution is limited to Cape Verde. In a way, it is a living indicator of the islands' oceanic isolation.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Look for individuals in small schools feeding on plankton a few meters above the rocks. In the face of danger, the school can quickly approach the rocks.

Note for divers: While waiting for larger pelagic species, do not overlook small chromis schools constantly moving above the rocky area; this species is one of Cape Verde's true signature fish.

Note for photographers: Rather than a single individual, it is more meaningful to frame several fish together with Cape Verde's volcanic rocks.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). The coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands—new records and an annotated check-list. Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Cape Verde damselfish – Similiparma hermani

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. Found on shallow rocky reefs and algae-covered rock surfaces. One of the characteristic pomacentrids of local reef communities.

Interesting information — Juveniles and adults look quite different: Age-related color changes are pronounced. Young individuals may show different patterns and colors than adults; this can lead inexperienced observers to mistake them for a different species.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to individuals close to the rock surface who constantly monitor a small area and chase approaching fish.

Note for divers: Small but territorial. When you look at the same spot again, you can usually find the same individual.

Note for photographers: An individual's constant return to a specific rock is an advantage for photography; instead of chasing, wait for the point where it will return.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Sal blenny – Parablennius salensis

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. Can be found in very shallow rocky areas, in crevices near the tidal zone, and on algae-covered surfaces.

Interesting information — An endemic missed by divers seeking large animals: Despite its small size, its biogeographical value is very high. Due to its tight association with rocky microhabitats, island isolation may have facilitated differentiation in this species.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to individuals protruding only their heads from small holes in rocks.

Note for divers: Even shallow areas used for safety stops can be evaluated for endemic species observation.

Note for photographers: Use a macro lens; waiting several minutes at the same hole yields much better results than chasing.

Scientific source: Bath, H. (1990). Blenniidae of the eastern Atlantic and related taxonomic studies.

★ Cape Verde blenny – Microlipophrys caboverdensis

Distribution and habitat: Found only in Cape Verde. Associated with shallow rocky habitats and wave-exposed coastlines.

Interesting information — A resident of a few centimeters of shoreline: Its ability to inhabit very shallow areas makes it an endemic that can be found even through snorkeling or shore observations rather than tuba diving.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to small, sudden movements on algae-covered rocks.

Note for divers: In the last few meters of the dive, "do not stop looking for life".

Note for photographers: For small species, eye sharpness is the most important element of the photograph.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Cape Verde blenny – Scartella caboverdiana

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde; another shallow water blenny. Rocky coastlines and algae-covered surfaces are its primary habitats.

Interesting information — Named after the archipelago it inhabits: The epithet "caboverdiana" directly reflects the species' distribution specific to Cape Verde.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Follow small fish moving with short hops over the rocks.

Note for divers: Species identification of blennies can be difficult without photographs; record as much as possible.

Note for photographers: Close-up shots showing the cirri above the head and facial pattern facilitate identification.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Cape Verde labrisomid blenny – Malacoctenus carrowi

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. A small member of Labrisomidae living on rocky bottoms and benthic microhabitats. Confirmed as a reef fish in current listings.

Interesting fact — Not a "triplefin": Although it may appear similar to some small bottom-dwelling fish, it is not a member of Tripterygiidae; it belongs to the Labrisomidae family.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Pay attention to small individuals remaining stationary on rocks and moving short distances.

Note for divers: Rather than scanning a wide area, carefully examining one square meter of rocky surface is more efficient for finding this species.

Note for photographers: In macro photography, try to show the entire body and dorsal fin structure.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Salamansa goby – Gobius salamansa

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde and named after Salamansa in São Vicente. Can be found in rocky and sandy transitions, in small crevices.

Interesting fact — A place name becomes a species name: The name "salamansa" refers to the Cape Verde locality where the species was described.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Follow small gobies remaining motionless on the bottom and darting a short distance away when approached before settling again.

Note for divers: For goby identification, it is helpful to record habitat information as well.

Note for photographers: Full lateral profile showing dorsal fins and head pattern together is valuable for species identification.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Gobius ateriformis

Distribution and habitat: One of the gobies endemic to Cape Verde. Found in shallow benthic habitats and rocky-sandy bottoms.

Interesting fact — Cryptic species represent the invisible portion of endemism: Cape Verde's endemic fish richness is not limited to colorful reef fishes. Small gobies constitute an important portion of total endemism.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Pay attention to fish remaining motionless beside small shadows on the bottom.

Note for divers: Recording photo coordinates or dive site notes for such small gobies increases their scientific record value.

Note for photographers: Taking a general frame with habitat first, followed by close-ups for identification, is the best approach.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Checklist of coastal fishes from Cabo Verde Archipelago. Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

★ Gobius tetrophthalmus

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. Found in rocky coastal habitats and benthic areas. Regularly highlighted among Cape Verde's endemic cryptobenthic fishes.

Interesting fact — Small fish may better illustrate island evolution: Populations of small, bottom-dwelling gobies that do not venture into open ocean can be more easily isolated between islands. For this reason, gobies are particularly interesting in terms of endemism in oceanic archipelagos.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Search for individuals remaining stationary at the base of rocky surfaces and at the mouths of small crevices.

Note for divers: Using a fin to kick up excess sediment on the bottom seriously complicates observing these small species.

Note for photographers: Approach slowly; whenever possible, move forward from slightly above rather than from the bottom to avoid stirring up sand.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Janet's goby – Marcelogobius janetarum

Distribution and habitat: A small goby endemic to Cape Verde. Current taxonomy uses the name Marcelogobius janetarum instead of the older Didogobius janetarum. It appears on Cape Verde reef fish lists under this current name.

Interesting fact — The name changed, the fish remained the same: Taxonomic studies can change the genus assignment of species as new anatomical and molecular information becomes available. This species is one of the fine examples of this.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Due to its cryptic nature, check under stones, small crevices, and shaded microhabitats.

Note for divers: Finding an endemic goby often requires more patience than finding a shark.

Note for photographers: Direct frontal flash can increase backscatter; gentle side lighting produces cleaner results on small benthic species.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

★ Atlantic sand perch – Parapercis atlantica

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. A benthic species living on sandy or sand-rock transition bottoms.

Interesting fact — It rests on sand and waits for prey: Rather than swimming constantly, sand perches typically support their bodies on the bottom, observe their surroundings, and make short lunges at small prey.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? If you see a small fish with its head slightly raised remaining motionless over sand, observe it before approaching.

Note for divers: Sandy areas are not "empty"; an important portion of endemic species can be found there.

Note for photographers: Shooting at eye level, parallel to the bottom, well shows the species' waiting behavior.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

★ Cape Verde mullet – Chelon bispinosus

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. Found in shallow coastal areas, rocky shores and near-surface waters.

Interesting fact — You don't need to be colorful to be endemic: Despite appearing like an ordinary mullet at first glance, its natural distribution in the world is limited to Cape Verde.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Check for gray-silver colored fish moving in small schools near the surface.

Note for divers: Looking at the surface during safety stops works not only for boat safety, but also for spotting endemic mullet.

Note for photographers: Shooting the school with surface light highlights the silver body.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

★ Cape Verde seabream – Diplodus prayensis

Distribution and habitat: A Sparidae species endemic to Cape Verde. Found on rocky shores, reef areas and rock-sand transitions. Among the endemic species frequently recorded in field studies conducted in Cape Verde.

Interesting fact — Cape Verde's own seabream: Although it resembles Diplodus species we are familiar with in the Mediterranean, it is a separate island endemic.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? May move in small groups around rocks and feed by investigating the bottom.

Note for divers: One of the species that divers from Turkey should especially watch for; it will seem very familiar at first glance.

Note for photographers: Capturing a clear side profile makes identification of the bands and body markings easier.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Banded seabream – Diplodus fasciatus

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. Found in rocky habitats and coastal reefs. One of the basic species in field identification guides prepared for endemic Cape Verde fish.

Interesting fact — Black bands can change with age: The prominence of dark bands on the body can vary depending on the individual's size, light and behavioral state.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Observe small Sparidae schools moving just above the rocks.

Note for divers: Diplodus species can be seen together on the same dive; you need to check individual fish within a school.

Note for photographers: Shooting a side profile with flash brings out the dark bands better than natural light.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Striped seabream – Diplodus lineatus

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. Accepted as Diplodus lineatus in current taxonomy; in older sources it may be seen as Diplodus sargus lineatus.

Interesting fact — From subspecies to separate species: While previously considered a subspecies of the Diplodus sargus complex, it is now treated as a separate species in current classification. This change is a good example of how Cape Verde endemism has been reshaped through taxonomic studies.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to light-colored seabreams moving between rocky and sandy areas.

Note for divers: Don't be surprised if you see different scientific names in older diving books.

Note for photographers: Side profile photographs are valuable for comparing old and current field records.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

★ Bulldog dentex – Virididentex acromegalus

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. Found in rocky coastal areas and reefs. One of the islands' most characteristic endemic large fish.

Interesting fact — A monotypic genus: The sole representative of the genus Virididentex. This makes it remarkable not only for Cape Verde but also taxonomically.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Watch for large Sparidae-like fish moving singly or in small groups around rocks.

Note for divers: One of the most worth-seeing species among Cape Verde endemics; unlike small cryptic species, it is easier to notice during dives.

Note for photographers: Prefer a slight frontal-lateral angle to showcase the powerful head and jaw structure.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Blackfish drummer – Girella stuebeli

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Cape Verde. Found on rocky shores and in shallow to moderate depths where algae develop.

Interesting fact — Herbivorous inhabitants of rocky reefs: Algae and plant material are important in its diet; therefore it is part of fish communities grazing on rock surfaces.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Watch dark-colored fish regularly biting at the rock surface.

Note for divers: If you observe a feeding individual from a distance, you'll see it return repeatedly to the same rock patch.

Note for photographers: Including both the algae-covered rock and the fish in the same frame creates a more powerful photograph that tells the story of feeding ecology.

Scientific source: Wirtz, P., et al. (2013). Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

★ Barbel clingfish – Apletodon barbatus

Distribution and habitat: A small endemic clingfish of Cape Verde. Associated with undersides of stones, small crevices and very shallow cryptic habitats.

Interesting fact — Attaches to surface with suckers on belly: Clingfishes have pelvic fins that form a suction disk. This structure allows the fish to attach to surfaces on rocky areas where wave action is strong.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Do not expect to see them swimming in the open. Check the undersides of rocks and small crevices.

Note for divers: It is not appropriate to flip rocks to see this species; examine natural openings rather than disturbing the habitat.

Note for photographers: Because it is very small, it is a true macro subject. Close-up photography is required for body and suction disk detail.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

★ Cadenat's sole – Pegusa cadenati

Distribution and habitat: It is a sole endemic to Cape Verde. It lives on sandy slopes and can camouflage itself by burying most of its body into the substrate.

Interesting fact — Both eyes on the same side: In soles, during the larval stage, one of the eyes migrates to the other side of the head. When the adult fish lies on the bottom, both eyes are on the upward-facing side.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Rather than searching for the fish on the sand, first look for two eyes. Most individuals have bodies that are almost completely the same color as the surrounding sand.

Note for divers: Do not touch the sand or attempt to lift the fish. When you remain still, you can observe the camouflage pattern much better.

Note for photographers: It is helpful to position the flash to the side to show the entire outline of the fish; direct front lighting can flatten the camouflage.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Checklist of coastal fishes from Cabo Verde Archipelago. Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

8. Other rocky area and reef fishes

Parrotfishes – Scaridae

Distribution and habitat: Parrotfishes inhabit rocky areas, algae-covered surfaces, and reef-like hard substrates in tropical and subtropical shallow seas. Although Cape Verde lacks classic Indo-Pacific coral reefs, algal communities on volcanic rocks provide suitable feeding areas for these fishes.

Interesting fact — They really do bite rocks: Parrotfish teeth fuse together to form a strong beak-like structure. While scraping algae, they can also break off small pieces of rock surface. Therefore, they are not just herbivores, but also biological "scrapers" that contribute to the erosion of hard substrates.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Watch for fish that bite rock surfaces in succession, leaving small light-colored scrape marks behind them. While feeding, they may systematically scan a particular area.

Note for divers: Slight crunching sounds from the rock sometimes reveal that a parrotfish is feeding before you see it.

Note for photographers: Photographing the fish at the moment it bites the rock rather than in open water conveys the behavior much better.

Scientific source: Carpenter, K. E., & De Angelis, N. (Eds.). (2016). The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. FAO.

Damselfish – Pomacentridae

Distribution and habitat: Small and medium-sized damselfish are common in Cape Verde's shallow volcanic rocks. Species such as Chromis lubbocki, Similiparma hermani, and Stegastes imbricatus are found in the archipelago. The first two are among Cape Verde endemics.

Interesting fact — Small fish, large territory defense: Many pomacentrids strongly defend an area of a few square meters or even smaller. They can even attempt to chase away fish much larger than themselves from their territory.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Small individuals that constantly move around the same rock and chase away approaching fish are usually defending a territory.

Note for divers: If you stay in the same spot for a few minutes, you may begin to notice the boundaries of the area defended by the fish.

Note for photographers: Instead of chasing, identify the rock that the fish repeatedly returns to and wait there.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Checklist of coastal fishes from Cabo Verde Archipelago. Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

Wrasses – Labridae

Distribution and habitat: Cape Verde's rocky slopes and algae-covered surfaces are rich in Labridae species. They can be seen in different habitats ranging from shallow rocks to deeper walls.

Interesting fact — Males and females of the same species can look completely different: In labrids, age and sex-dependent color changes are common. In some species, an individual can change sex later in life, and the color pattern can change completely accordingly.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? They are constantly moving fish that scan rocky surfaces for small invertebrates. Small individuals moving around larger fish may be exhibiting cleaning behavior.

Note for divers: Identifying a wrasse by color alone can be misleading; juvenile, female, and terminal male phases can look like separate species.

Note for photographers: If you observe cleaning behavior, include not only the small fish but also the larger fish being served in the frame.

Scientific source: Westneat, M. W., & Alfaro, M. E. (2005). Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the reef fish family Labridae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36, 370–390.

Breams – Sparidae

Distribution and habitat: Sparidae are characteristic rock fish groups of Cape Verde. The current list includes 16 Sparidae species; endemics such as Diplodus prayensis, D. fasciatus, D. lineatus and Virididentex acromegalus increase the importance of this group.

Interesting fact — Different feeding tools within the same family: The jaw and tooth structures of sparids vary according to their feeding method. Some crush hard shells while others collect algae or more mobile prey.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to fish examining the bottom at rock-sand transitions or wandering in small schools.

Note for divers: Some of the "familiar dark eyes" you see in Cape Verde may actually be species that live only on these islands.

Note for photographers: Try to take a full side profile for species identification; bands, tail stem and head pattern should all be visible together.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

Goatfish — Mullidae

Distribution and habitat: Found on sandy bottoms, rock-sand transitions and shallow coastal areas. The sandy openings between Cape Verde's volcanic rocks are particularly suitable feeding areas.

Interesting fact — They carry two chemical detectors under their jaws: The two long barbels found under goatfish jaws are not just touch organs; they also contain chemical receptors. With these organs they can find small crustaceans and worms hidden in the sand.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Fish moving over sand while continuously moving their barbels back and forth are feeding.

Note for divers: If a goatfish is intensely stirring up sand, you can see opportunistic small fish wandering right behind it.

Note for photographers: Capturing the moment when the barbels make contact with the sand is one of the best shots showing the species' ecology.

Scientific source: Gosline, W. A. (1984). Structure, function, and ecology in the goatfishes. Pacific Science, 38, 312–323.

Butterflyfish — Chaetodontidae

Distribution and habitat: In Cape Verde, Chaetodon hoefleri, Chaetodon robustus and Prognathodes marcellae are currently confirmed species. They can be found on rocky hard bottoms, walls with benthic invertebrates and deeper reef-like habitats.

Interesting fact — Butterflyfish of the African Atlantic: The East Atlantic fauna of butterflyfish, which we associate with hundreds of colorful reef species in the Indo-Pacific, is much more limited. Therefore, encountering them in Cape Verde is particularly interesting from a biogeographic perspective.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to individuals examining rock surfaces with small and gentle bites, often wandering in pairs.

Note for divers: Watch a pair of butterflyfish from a slight distance without getting between them to preserve natural feeding behavior.

Note for photographers: If two individuals are together, try to capture both in the same frame from a side profile.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

Triggerfish — Balistidae

Distribution and habitat: In Cape Verde, at least seven confirmed Balistidae species are found: Balistes capriscus, B. punctatus, B. vetula, Canthidermis maculata, C. sufflamen, Melichthys niger and Rhinecanthus aculeatus.

Interesting fact — Named after the fin lock: When the first dorsal spine is raised, it can be mechanically locked by the second spine. When the fish enters a rock crevice, it can use this system to wedge itself in and make it difficult for a predator to pull it out.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Individuals turning rocks or scraping hard bottoms, or moving small stones by blowing them may be feeding.

Note for divers: Keep your distance from large individuals defending nests during breeding season. Some triggerfish can behave much more territorially than normal.

Note for photographers: Prefer full side profile for tall body form, and slightly frontal angle for teeth and feeding behavior.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

Pufffish — Tetraodontidae

Distribution and habitat: Various Tetraodontidae species in Cape Verde are found in different habitats ranging from coastal rocky areas to the open sea. The current list includes five confirmed species.

Interesting fact — Inflating is the last defense: When threatened, they can rapidly increase their body volume by taking water into their stomach area. However, this behavior consumes significant energy and causes unnecessary stress to the animal.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Fish moving slowly with small fin movements, having large eyes and round bodies are easily recognized.

Note for divers: It is absolutely wrong to touch or squeeze the fish to make it inflate.

Note for photographers: Photograph the individual in its natural state; an "inflated pufffish photo" may be evidence that the animal has been stressed.

Scientific source: Brainerd, E. L. (1994). Pufferfish inflation: Functional morphology of postcranial structures. Journal of Morphology, 220, 243–261.

Porcupinefish — Diodontidae

Distribution and habitat: Five species from the Diodontidae family have been confirmed on the current coastal fish list for Cape Verde. Diodon eydouxii is one of the species recorded for Cape Verde for the first time in the current study.

Interesting fact — Spines are actually modified scales: When pufferfish inflate, hardened skin structures that normally lie flat against the body stick out, making the fish much harder to swallow.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Look for large-eyed individuals that rest under rocks or in shaded areas during the day. Some species may be more active at night.

Note for divers: Do not try to inflate the fish. Inflation is a natural defense mechanism, not a performance behavior.

Note for photographers: Due to their large eyes, slightly frontal angled portraits produce quite characteristic results.

Scientific source: Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

Trumpetfish – Aulostomus strigosus

Distribution and habitat: Found in tropical Eastern Atlantic, particularly around oceanic islands and West African coasts. It is a characteristic species inhabiting rocky reefs and steep walls.

Interesting fact — Can use another fish as camouflage: Trumpetfish sometimes approach their small prey by swimming right next to a large, harmless fish. In this behavior called "shadowing," the prey notices the approaching trumpetfish too late.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Watch for long, slender fish positioned vertically or swimming almost attached right next to another large fish.

Note for divers: If you see a trumpetfish following a parrotfish or another large fish, observe it for a while; you may witness hunting behavior.

Note for photographers: A frame taken with the fish it is following is a much more powerful behavioral photograph than a solo portrait.

Scientific source: Aronson, R. B. (1983). Foraging behavior of the West Atlantic trumpetfish, Aulostomus maculatus: Use of large herbivorous reef fishes as camouflage. Bulletin of Marine Science, 33, 166–171.

9. Octopuses, squids and other cephalopods

Octopuses – Octopus spp.

Distribution and habitat: Rocky areas, caves, rocky-sandy transitions and shallow coasts of Cape Verde provide suitable habitat for various octopuses. The likelihood of seeing them in open areas increases, especially during night dives.

Interesting fact — Uses its skin like a screen: Octopuses can change their colors, contrasts, and even the texture of their skin surface within seconds thanks to chromatophores, iridophores and other specialized skin structures.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? First look for traces rather than the octopus itself: broken bivalve shells, crab pieces, orderly piles of stones, or a cleaned area around a hole may indicate a den.

Note for divers: If an individual's color suddenly darkens or its body puffs up, it may be a sign of distress; increase your distance.

Note for photographers: Photographing different camouflage patterns of the same individual creates a more interesting behavioral series than a single portrait.

Scientific source: Hanlon, R. T., & Messenger, J. B. (2018). Cephalopod Behaviour (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Cuttlefish – Sepia spp.

Distribution and habitat: Sandy and muddy bottoms as well as rock-sand transitions are suitable habitats for cuttlefish. They can be found during the day near the bottom and camouflaged, but may become more active at night.

Interesting fact — Color change is not just for camouflage: Cuttlefish can use color and pattern changes in hunting, communication, courting behavior and threat displays.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Look for animals that appear to be "hovering" over sand, with the fin along the edge of their body moving in a wave-like motion.

Note for divers: If an individual is constantly changing color as you approach, it has most likely noticed you. Rather than approaching further, stop and observe the behavior.

Note for photographers: Try to focus on the eye and its W-shaped pupil. Short series shots are very valuable for pattern changes.

Scientific source: Hanlon, R. T., & Messenger, J. B. (2018). Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.

Squids – Loliginidae

Distribution and habitat: Squids living in coastal and open water areas are more easily observed in the water column at night. When artificial light gathers small fish and planktonic organisms, squids may also approach the area.

Interesting fact — They can communicate with their skin: Squids can change the chromatophore patterns on their body in a fraction of a second. In some species, different patterns can be displayed simultaneously on opposite sides of the body.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? During night dives, follow the long-bodied silhouettes moving back and forth at the edge of your light.

Note for divers: Rather than constantly shining your light directly into the animal's eyes, observing at the edge of the light produces more natural behavior.

Note for photographers: Shooting the squid slightly from the side rather than head-on reveals transparent fins and chromatophore patterns better.

Scientific source: Hanlon, R. T., & Messenger, J. B. (2018). Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.

10. Nudibranchs and other sea slugs

Cape Verde is much more important for this group than expected. A 2025 study conducted on Sal, Boa Vista and São Vicente recorded 27 Heterobranchia species; 44% of them were reported to be endemic to Cape Verde. The study also found a new record for the archipelago and a species that may be new to science.

Dorid nudibranchs – Doridina

Distribution and habitat: Should be searched on rocky surfaces where sponges, bryozoans and other benthic colonies are present.

Interesting fact — You are what you eat: Many dorid species carry a body pattern very similar in color to the sponge they feed on. For this reason, a nudibranch sitting on its prey can easily escape notice.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? If you notice a small, irregularly colored protrusion on a sponge, look more closely.

Note for divers: When searching for nudibranchs, it is often more efficient to scan a small sponge area for a few minutes rather than swim for meters.

Note for photographers: In addition to a dorsal view, take a side angle that shows the rhinophore and gill structure.

Scientific source: Malaquias, M. A. E., Turani, M., Lopes, E., & Cervera, J. L. (2025). The Heterobranchia gastropods from the Cabo Verde Islands: A hot-spot of endemism. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 86, 104193.

Aeolid nudibranchs – Cladobranchia

Distribution and habitat: They should be frequently sought on rocky surfaces where hydrozoan colonies and other cnidarians are found.

Interesting fact — Can steal your prey's weapon: Many aeolid nudibranchs can carry nematocysts from the hydroids or sea anemones they eat into their cerata without digesting them and use them in their own defense.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Pay attention to small, slender-bodied animals with numerous cerata on their backs on hydrozoan colonies.

Note for divers: When you find a hydrozoan colony, look not only at the colony itself but also at the area of a few centimeters around it.

Note for photographers: To sharpen all the cerata, shoot as parallel to the animal's body plane as possible.

Scientific source: Malaquias et al. (2025). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 86, 104193.

Chromodorid nudibranchs – Chromodorididae

Distribution and habitat: They are mostly found in rocky areas associated with sponges.

Interesting fact — Bright colors may be a "don't eat me" message: In some chromodorids, strong color contrasts can serve as aposematic, or warning coloration. There are species that can use chemical compounds obtained from the sponges they feed on in their defense.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Examine especially the edges and undersurfaces of colorful sponges.

Note for divers: Being brightly colored does not mean it is easy to find; most are only a few centimeters.

Note for photographers: Wait for the moment when both rhinophores are clear and sharp.

Scientific source: Wägele, H., & Klussmann-Kolb, A. (2005). Opisthobranchia molecular systematics and evolution. Frontiers in Zoology, 2, 3.

Sacoglossans – Sacoglossa

Distribution and habitat: They are very small heterobranches, particularly associated with green algae.

Interesting fact — Some can harness solar energy: Some sacoglossans keep the chloroplasts of the algae they eat alive and store them in their own tissues. In this process, called "kleptoplasty," the chloroplasts can continue to photosynthesize for a while.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Instead of searching for the animal, first find the green algae it feeds on.

Note for divers: This group is truly a macro subject; it is easy to miss with the naked eye.

Note for photographers: 1:1 magnification or higher can be useful. Including algal tissue in the frame provides behavioral context.

Scientific source: Christa, G., et al. (2014). Functional kleptoplasty in sacoglossan sea slugs. Frontiers in Zoology, 11, 15.

Pleurobranches – Pleurobranchida

Distribution and habitat: Can be found on rocky surfaces, sponge-covered areas, and under-stone microhabitats.

Interesting fact — The gill is on the side, not the back: Unlike nudibranchs, pleurobranches have a distinct gill located on the right side of the body, under the edge of the mantle.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? During night dives, watch for slow-moving, oval and soft-bodied animals.

Note for divers: At first glance, they can be mistaken for sea hares or naked-gilled gastropods; gill position is a good distinguishing feature.

Note for photographers: Light side shooting can reveal the gill under the mantle.

Scientific source: Malaquias et al. (2025). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 86, 104193.

Sea hares – Aplysiidae

Distribution and habitat: Found in algae-covered rocky areas and shallow coastal habitats. They are mostly more active at night.

Interesting fact — Purple ink is real defense: Many sea hares can release a purple or reddish secretion when disturbed. This secretion has been shown to contain not only visual camouflage but also compounds that affect the chemical senses of predators.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Look for large, soft-bodied individuals slowly moving across algae at night.

Note for divers: Ink release is not a "great photo opportunity" but a sign of stress; do not touch.

Note for photographers: Prefer a cross angle that clearly shows the rhinophores and "ear"-like head tentacles.

Scientific source: Nuns, A. L., et al. (2013). Defensive secretions in sea hares. Journal of Experimental Biology.

11. Crustaceans

Spiny lobsters – Panulirus spp.

Distribution and habitat: Rocky crevices, caves, and cavities under blocks are typical habitats. They hide during the day and venture out to feed at night.

Interesting fact — Antennae are more than decoration: Very long and powerful antennae are used both in sensing the environment and in defense.

Behavior — what should the diver look for? During the day, first look for the antenna tips; the animal itself may not be visible in the deep crack.

Note for divers: Night diving is much more productive for lobster observation than during the day.

Note for photographers: Rather than shining strong light into the crack, waiting for the animal to come out provides a more natural image.

Scientific source: Phillips, B. F. (Ed.). (2013). Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries. Wiley-Blackwell.

Cleaner shrimp – Palaemonidae

Distribution and habitat: They can be found in rock crevices, caves, anemones, and cleaning stations regularly visited by fish.

Interesting fact — They establish a service relationship with fish: Some shrimp collect parasites or dead tissue around the skin, mouth, and gills of fish. Fish often exhibit a special posture to be cleaned.

Behavior — what should the diver look for? If a large fish is stationary in front of a small cave, check for shrimp around it.

Note for divers: Do not enter the cleaning station; if you observe from a distance, you will see more behavior.

Note for photographers: Photographing the shrimp with the fish it is cleaning, rather than alone, is a much more valuable behavioral record.

Scientific source: Becker, J. H. A., & Grutter, A. S. (2004). Cleaner shrimp do clean. Coral Reefs, 23, 515–520.

Rock shrimp – Palaemonidae and Alpheidae

Distribution and habitat: They live in rocky crevices, under stones, in sponges, and in cavities.

Interesting fact — Some shrimp can produce water jets approaching the speed of sound: Members of Alpheidae, known as snapping shrimp, create a cavitation bubble by rapidly closing their large claw. The collapse of the bubble produces a loud sound and brief intense pressure.

Behavior — what should the diver look for? At night, a significant portion of the sharp "snapping" sounds from rocks may come from snapping shrimp.

Note for divers: Seeing the animal that produces the sound you hear is often quite difficult; it is usually in a deep crack.

Note for photographers: For rock shrimp, a focus light and macro lens are advantageous in small openings.

Scientific source: Versluis, M., et al. (2000). How snapping shrimp snap. Science, 289, 2114–2117.

Hermit crabs – Paguroidea

Distribution and habitat: They are common in sandy and rocky areas, particularly in areas where empty gastropod shells are found.

Interesting fact — They move when their home grows: They place their soft and unprotected abdomen inside empty snail shells. As they grow, they need to find a larger shell.

Behavior — what should the diver look for? Check for "walking" small sea shells.

Note for divers: Do not collect shells as souvenirs; an apparently empty shell may be a future home for a hermit crab.

Note for photographers: Since the animal will not completely emerge from the shell, focusing on the eyes and antennae is sufficient.

Scientific source: Hazlett, B. A. (1981). The behavioral ecology of hermit crabs. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 12, 1–22.

Crabs – Brachyura

Distribution and habitat: Various types are found on rocks, in sand, caves, and among benthic organisms.

Interesting fact — They cannot grow without molting: Since their hard exoskeleton does not grow, crabs must periodically shed their old shells. They are extremely vulnerable until their new shell hardens.

Behavior — what should the diver look for? At night, the number of individuals moving openly over rocks increases noticeably.

Note for divers: An individual that appears motionless and very brightly colored may have recently molted; do not disturb it.

Note for photographers: Having the eye stalks and claws in the same plane of focus strengthens the photograph.

Scientific source: Hartnoll, R. G. (2001). Growth in Crustacea. Hydrobiologia, 449, 111–122.

Spider crabs – Majoidea

Distribution and habitat: They live among sponges, hydrozoans, gorgonians, and other complex benthic structures.

Interesting fact — They can attach camouflage onto themselves: Many majoid crabs place pieces of sponge, algae, or hydrozoan on special hook-like structures on their bodies to blend in with their surroundings.

Behavior — what should the diver look for? You may first notice a "moving piece of algae".

Note for divers: When examining gorgonians and sponges, look not only for polyps, but also for small crabs hidden between branches.

Note for photographers: To show the animal's camouflage, take not only a close-up but also a frame showing its environment.

Scientific source: Wicksten, M. K. (1993). A review and a model of decorating behavior in spider crabs. Crustaceana, 64, 314–325.

12. Sponges, corals, and other invertebrates

Sponges – Porifera

Distribution and habitat: On Cape Verde's volcanic rocks, at cave entrances, on steep walls, and on shaded surfaces, sponges are important components of benthic communities.

Interesting fact — A sponge can filter many times its own volume of water per day: Through their channel systems running throughout their bodies, they filter bacteria, microorganisms, and organic particles from the water.

Behavior — what should the diver look for? Also look for nudibranchs, small shrimp, and other symbiotic organisms on or around the sponge.

Note for divers: A sponge can actually be thought of more as a small microhabitat than as a single organism.

Note for photographer: Try to show not only the sponge's color but also its relationship with other organisms on it.

Scientific source: Bell, J. J. (2008). The functional roles of marine sponges. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79, 341–353.

Gorgonians – Octocorallia

Distribution and habitat: In Cape Verde, they form important communities particularly on current-swept rocky walls and mesophotic depths. A 2025 survey conducted between 18–50 m at Santo Antão identified a community of 11 species composed of gorgonians and black corals.

Interesting fact — Shaped by currents: Fan-shaped gorgonians typically position themselves perpendicular to the current, facilitating plankton capture from the water column. Studies conducted in Cape Verde have shown that colony shape is related to hydrodynamic conditions.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to whether the polyps are open. Open polyps may indicate that the colony is actively feeding.

Note for diver: Small fish, shrimp, crabs, and gastropods can be found among gorgonian branches; don't just pass by the colony.

Note for photographer: Showing the entire gorgonian together with the current direction creates a biologically meaningful shot.

Scientific source: Black coral and gorgonian assemblages of Santo Antão (Cabo Verde): Diversity, distribution, and demographic structure. Progress in Oceanography, 237, 103527 (2025).

Hard corals – Scleractinia

Distribution and habitat: Cape Verde is not a classical tropical coral reef; nevertheless, hard coral species are part of the benthic community on volcanic rock and particularly in mesophotic areas. Well-preserved and structurally complex coral communities were identified in the upper mesophotic areas of Santo Antão examined in 2025.

Interesting fact — Being a coral doesn't require building a reef: Not all hard corals form giant reefs. Cape Verde is a good example of this; corals exist but volcanic rock forms the largely the foundation of habitat structure.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Polyp opening may be more pronounced during night dives.

Note for diver: When comparing Cape Verde to the Maldives or the Red Sea, it is more accurate to evaluate it as "a different hard substrate ecosystem" rather than "coral-poor."

Note for photographer: Rather than a close-up of a single coral, showing the colony's position on volcanic rock better illustrates Cape Verde's character.

Scientific source: First characterization of upper mesophotic coral assemblages in Santo Antão, Cabo Verde. Progress in Oceanography, 232, 103432 (2025).

Hydrozoans – Hydrozoa

Distribution and habitat: They can form colonies on rocky surfaces, cave entrances, gorgonians, and other hard substrates.

Interesting fact — Plant-like but animal: Branched hydrozoan colonies may at first glance resemble algae or small plants. However, the colony consists of hundreds of tiny polyps.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Look especially for aeolid nudibranchs on hydrozoans; for some species they are a primary food source.

Note for diver: The nematocysts of some hydrozoans can cause burning on human skin; do not touch.

Note for photographer: If a nudibranch is found on the colony, photographing the two together shows the predator-prey relationship.

Scientific source: Bouillon, J., et al. (2006). An Introduction to Hydrozoa. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.

Sea urchins – Echinoidea

Distribution and habitat: Common on volcanic rock surfaces, crevices, and algal shallow areas.

Interesting fact — Nocturnal grazers of the sea floor: Many sea urchins consume algae more actively at night. In areas where they are abundant, they can significantly alter the structure of algal communities.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? At night, watch for individuals moving openly over rocks; during the day, look for those wedged in crevices.

Note for diver: Be especially careful of long-spined species during night dives; they can be difficult to notice when swimming backwards.

Note for photographer: Shooting from directly above to emphasize the geometry of the spines can be striking.

Scientific source: Lawrence, J. M. (Ed.). (2013). Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology. Elsevier.

Starfish – Asteroidea

Distribution and habitat: Various species can be found in rocky and sandy benthic areas.

Interesting fact — Can push its stomach out: Many starfish can extend part of their stomach outside the body after opening prey such as bivalves, beginning digestion on top of the prey.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? A starfish remaining motionless for a long time on a mussel or other benthic prey may be feeding.

Note for diver: Do not pick up starfish and move them elsewhere; habitat selection may be related to feeding or reproductive behavior.

Note for photographer: While a symmetric overhead view is attractive, if feeding behavior is present, a side angle provides more information.

Scientific source: Lawrence, J. M. (2013). Starfish: Biology and Ecology of the Asteroidea. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Sea cucumbers – Holothuroidea

Distribution and habitat: Found among sandy, detrital, and rocky bottoms. Sediment-feeding species are important "processors" of the benthic system.

Interesting information — The seabed's recycling team: Many sea cucumbers ingest sediment, use the organic matter within it, and expel the processed sediment back out. In doing so, they contribute to the mixing of bottom sediment and nutrient cycling.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Individuals applying their feeding tentacles to the sediment in front may be actively feeding.

Note for divers: Their motionless appearance does not mean they are "doing nothing"; they play an important role in the biological processing of the seabed.

Note for photographers: Wait for close-up moments when the feeding tentacles are open.

Scientific source: Purcell, S. W., Conand, C., Uthicke, S., & Byrne, M. (2016). Ecological roles of exploited sea cucumbers. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 54, 367–386.

Tube polychaetes – Polychaeta

Distribution and habitat: They live on rocky surfaces, among corals and sponges, or inside tubes they create themselves.

Interesting information — The feathery-looking structure is actually a gill and feeding organ: In tube polychaetes such as Sabellidae and Serpulidae, the colored crown that extends outward collects particles in the water while simultaneously aiding in gas exchange.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? As you approach, the characteristic defensive behavior is the sudden withdrawal of the colored crown into the tube.

Note for divers: If you want to see the retracted animal emerge again, wait motionless for a few seconds.

Note for photographers: Do not approach too quickly. If you approach with steady and slow movement, you will have a better chance of capturing the crown while it is open.

Scientific source: Rouse, G. W., & Pleijel, F. (2001). Polychaetes. Oxford University Press.

13. Species to look for in night diving

In Cape Verde, night diving is a time when many species that hide during the day between rocks or in crevices become more active. Especially moray eels, crustaceans, octopuses, and some benthic invertebrates are more easily observed at night.

African moray — Muraena melanotis

Distribution and habitat: Lives in tropical East Atlantic, especially in rocky habitats around West Africa and Cape Verde. It hides in crevices during the day and may become more active at night.

Interesting information — Night hunter: Its sense of smell is highly developed. In darkness, it relies more on chemical signals than vision to find prey.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? At night, pay attention to individuals completely out of the rocks, moving close to the bottom.

Note for divers: Do not shine your light directly into its eyes for long periods; observe by shifting the light slightly to the side.

Note for photographers: Individuals seen in the open at night provide more natural behavioral shots than cave entrance portraits from daytime.

Scientific source: Böhlke, E. B., McCosker, J. E., & Böhlke, J. E. (1989). Family Muraenidae. In Fishes of the Western North Atlantic.

Tiger moray — Enchelycore anatina

Distribution and habitat: Found in rocky areas in the East Atlantic and Macaronesia. Also recorded in Cape Verde.

Interesting information — Teeth adapted for fish hunting: Its long and backward-curved teeth are suited for catching and holding slippery fish.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? During the day only the head is visible in narrow rock crevices, while at night it may roam more in the open.

Note for divers: Open teeth are not a sign of aggression; it is a normal anatomical feature of the species.

Note for photographers: A side or slightly diagonal angle shows the long jaw and tooth structure well.

Scientific source: Smith, D. G. (2012). A checklist of the moray eels of the world. Zootaxa, 3474, 1–64.

Octopuses — Octopus spp.

Distribution and habitat: Found in rocky areas, sand-rock transitions, caves, and rocky bottoms.

Interesting information — Becomes visible at night: Many octopuses stay in caves and crevices during the day while actively feeding at night. They can change color, pattern, and skin texture within seconds.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Look for individuals moving slowly over rocky surfaces, changing color at short intervals.

Note for divers: Shell piles and crab remains in front of the den may be noticed before the octopus itself.

Note for photographers: Documenting the animal's color changes in series may be more valuable than a single portrait.

Scientific source: Hanlon, R. T., & Messenger, J. B. (2018). Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.

Cuttlefish — Sepia spp.

Distribution and habitat: Found on sandy bottoms, detrital areas, and rock-sand transitions.

Interesting information — Changes pattern with light: Thanks to its chromatophore system, it can make very rapid pattern changes during hunting, camouflage, and communication.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Watch individuals standing still on sand or slowly swimming by undulating their fins in a wave-like motion.

Note for divers: If a cuttlefish is continuously changing color, it may have noticed you; keeping some distance will result in more natural behavior.

Note for photographers: A slight side angle that shows the W-shaped pupil clearly is very characteristic.

Scientific source: Hanlon, R. T., & Messenger, J. B. (2018). Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.

Spiny lobsters — Panulirus spp.

Distribution and habitat: Lives in rocky crevices, caves and cavities. Hides during the day and comes out at night to feed.

Interesting fact — Uses antennae for defense and sensing: Very long antennae are effective in sensing the environment and detecting approaching threats.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Individuals that move completely exposed on rocky surfaces at night are easier to spot than during the day.

Note for divers: Do not touch the antennae or body; do not alter the animal's natural movement.

Note for photographers: Shooting individuals seen in the open rather than in crevices with a wide-angle macro transition yields cleaner results.

Scientific source: Phillips, B. F. (Ed.). (2013). Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries. Wiley-Blackwell.

Nudibranchs – Nudibranchia

Distribution and habitat: Found on rocky areas where sponges, hydrozoans, bryozoans and other benthic colonies are present.

Interesting fact — May be more visible at night: Some species are more active at night or come out to feed. High endemism has been reported in the Cape Verde heterobranch fauna.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Examine sponge edges, hydrozoan colonies and shaded rocky surfaces.

Note for divers: If you see a color difference on a sponge, do not assume it is "sponge tissue" first; it may be a nudibranch.

Note for photographers: Wait for the moment when the rhinophores and gill crown are open.

Sea hares – Aplysiidae

Distribution and habitat: Found in algae-covered rocky areas and shallow coastal habitats.

Interesting fact — Ink defense: When disturbed, some species can release a purple-red secretion. This behavior is a defense that confuses predators and can affect chemical sensing.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? At night, look for large, soft-bodied individuals moving slowly over algae.

Note for divers: Ink release is a sign of stress; the animal should not be touched.

Note for photographers: A slight cross-angle portrait with rhinophores and head tentacles in sharp focus yields good results.

Scientific source: Nuns, A. L., et al. (2013). Defensive secretions in sea hares. Journal of Experimental Biology.

Hermit crabs – Paguroidea

Distribution and habitat: Live in sandy and rocky areas, inside empty gastropod shells.

Interesting fact — Carries its home on its back: As it grows, it must move into a larger shell. Shell selection is critical for the individual's protection.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? At night, check small "snail shells" that are moving.

Note for divers: Do not collect seemingly empty shells; they are living spaces for hermit crabs.

Note for photographers: Wait for the moment when the eyes and antennae emerge from the shell.

Scientific source: Hazlett, B. A. (1981). The behavioral ecology of hermit crabs. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 12, 1–22.

Shrimps – Caridea

Distribution and habitat: Found in rocky crevices, on sponges, in caves and on or within other benthic organisms.

Interesting fact — Come out from their daytime hiding places at night: Many small shrimps are invisible during the day but move more openly on rocky surfaces at night.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Shining eyes in torchlight are one of the easiest clues to spot small shrimps.

Note for divers: If you see many small "eye glints" around a cave or sponge, examine carefully before approaching.

Note for photographers: Using the focus light from a slight angle shows the transparent body better.

Scientific source: Bauer, R. T. (2004). Remarkable Shrimps. University of Oklahoma Press.

Crabs – Brachyura

Distribution and habitat: Many species are found in rocky, sandy and cave-like areas.

Interesting fact — Braver at night: Many crabs that hide in crevices during the day come out in the open at night to feed.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Pay attention to quick sideways movements on rock surfaces and shining eyes in the torch.

Note for divers: Individuals that have recently molted are soft and defenseless; they should not be disturbed especially.

Note for photographers: If the eye stalks and claws are focused on the same plane, the frame becomes much stronger.

Scientific source: Hartnoll, R. G. (2001). Growth in Crustacea. Hydrobiologia, 449, 111–122.

Sea urchins – Echinoidea

Distribution and habitat: Widespread on volcanic rocks, cavities and algae-covered surfaces.

Interesting fact — Grazing may increase at night: Many species stay in cavities during the day and come out on rocky surfaces at night to feed on algae.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Individuals moving openly on rocky surfaces at night are more easily noticed.

Note for divers: When swimming backwards, be especially careful of long-spined individuals.

Note for photographers: Overhead shooting shows the geometry of spines well.

Scientific source: Lawrence, J. M. (Ed.). (2013). Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology. Elsevier.

Brittle Stars – Ophiuroidea

Distribution and habitat: Associated with rocky undersides, sponges, gorgonians, and cave systems.

Interesting fact — They walk with their arms: Unlike sea stars, they use their long and flexible arms much more than tube feet during movement.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Watch for thin arms extending outward from rocks or sponges at night.

Note for divers: During the day only the arm tips may be visible; at night it is easier to see the whole animal.

Note for photographers: Arms emerging from between sponges or gorgonians make a beautiful habitat photograph, not just the whole individual.

Scientific source: Stöhr, S., O'Hara, T. D., & Thuy, B. (2012). Global diversity of brittle stars. PLoS ONE, 7, e31940.

Tube Worms – Polychaeta

Distribution and habitat: They live in tubes on rocky surfaces, sponges, corals, and hard substrates.

Interesting fact — They can stay open longer at night: Low light and reduced disturbance may allow some tube worms to keep their feeding crown extended longer.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Look for colorful, feather-like crowns. They can rapidly retract into their tubes with sudden movement or strong light.

Note for divers: Once closed, wait quietly for a few seconds; they may open again.

Note for photographers: Approach very slowly and avoid shining light directly on them if possible.

Scientific source: Rouse, G. W., & Pleijel, F. (2001). Polychaetes. Oxford University Press.

A brief note for night diving

At night, looking only at the bottom is a mistake. Also check the dark water column beyond the light of your torch. Small fish, squid, planktonic organisms, and some predators may appear around the light. If night diving in Cape Verde, continuously alternating your gaze between the rocky surface and the open water will be the most productive method.

14. Marine Mammals to Look for During Boat Transfers

This section is particularly important for the tour from April 17–25. Cape Verde is one of the major tropical breeding areas for North Atlantic humpback whales, and April is still within a favorable observation period.

Humpback Whale – Megaptera novaeangliae

Distribution and habitat: Widely distributed in world oceans. Some North Atlantic individuals migrate to the warm waters of Cape Verde during winter and spring.

Interesting fact — Cape Verde is a calving and breeding area: The whales here are present mainly not to feed, but to mate, give birth, and spend the early periods of their calves. For this reason, mother-calf pairs are especially valuable.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? First look for the blow from the boat. Then the back, small dorsal fin, and tail flukes are visible before diving.

Note for divers: Don't stop watching the water as you move toward the dive point. In April, the largest living thing on the tour may surface in front of you.

Note for photographers: Have a long lens ready. A clear photograph of the tail flukes pattern can be used for individual identification.

Scientific source: Wenzel, F. W., et al. (2020). Humpback whales in the Cape Verde Islands: Migratory patterns and breeding-ground use. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management.

Bottlenose Dolphin – Tursiops truncatus

Distribution and habitat: Found worldwide in warm and temperate coastal and offshore waters.

Interesting fact — Not every pod uses the same lifestyle: Some communities are shore-based while others have much wider ranging areas in open water.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Individuals approaching the bow wave of the boat may make characteristic leaps at the surface.

Note for divers: When they come to the bow wave, it is safer to watch from a fixed point rather than move around.

Note for photographers: Natural notches along the dorsal fin edge can be used for individual identification in photo-identification studies.

Scientific source: Wells, R. S., & Scott, M. D. (2018). Bottlenose dolphin. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals.

Atlantic Spotted Dolphin – Stenella frontalis

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to tropical and warm temperate Atlantic waters.

Interesting fact — Spots increase with age: Calves often appear quite plain. As individuals grow, black and light-colored spots become more prominent on the body.

Behavior — What should a diver look for? Active pods may come to the bow wave of the boat and make leaps at the surface.

Note for divers: When you see an individual with few spots, do not mistake it for a different species; it may be a young S. frontalis.

Note for photographers: In frames taken from the side profile, spot density and dorsal fin should be visible together.

Scientific source: Perrin, W. F. (2018). Atlantic spotted dolphin. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals.

Pantropical Spotted Dolphin – Stenella attenuata

Distribution and habitat: Widely distributed in tropical world oceans, particularly in offshore waters.

Interesting information — Pattern changes with age: As in the Atlantic spotted dolphin, spotting may increase with age. Diagnosis of young individuals may therefore be more difficult.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Can be seen in large and fast-moving offshore pods.

Note for divers: S. frontalis and S. attenuata field diagnosis is not always easy; obtain good photo records.

Note for photographers: Having the head, dorsal fin, and lateral body pattern in the same frame facilitates identification.

Scientific source: Perrin, W. F. (2001). Stenella attenuata. Mammalian Species, 683, 1–8.

Spinner dolphin – Stenella longirostris

Distribution and habitat: Common in tropical and subtropical oceans; can be seen in offshore waters and around ocean islands.

Interesting information — It really spins in the air: The species gets its name from the behavior of leaping out of the water and spinning several times around its long axis. This behavior may be related to communication or social interaction.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Fast-moving pods, frequent leaps, and individuals spinning around their axis in the air are characteristic.

Note for divers: Seeing a dolphin leap while spinning is a good clue for species identification, but may not be sufficient on its own.

Note for photographers: Burst mode is almost mandatory for this species.

Scientific source: Norris, K. S., et al. (1994). The Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin. University of California Press.

Short-finned pilot whale – Globicephala macrorhynchus

Distribution and habitat: Found in tropical and warm temperate deep ocean waters. Associated with deep waters around ocean islands.

Interesting information — Expert deep diver: Can dive hundreds of meters to pursue deep-water prey, particularly squid.

Behavior — what should a diver look for? Tight groups of round-headed and dark-colored individuals breathing frequently at the surface can be observed.

Note for divers: Pilot whales are most often in social groups; when you see a single individual, check the surroundings.

Note for photographers: A side profile showing the round forehead and backward-curved dorsal fin is useful for species identification.

Scientific source: Olson, P. A. (2018). Pilot whales. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals.

Species to specifically search for in Cape Verde

Humpback whale – Megaptera novaeangliae

Why special? April 17–25 coincides with the period when humpback whales can still be seen in Cape Verde. One of the tour's most important surface targets.

What should a diver look for? During boat transfers, watch the horizon for blows, backs, and tail movements.

Note for photographers: The ventral tail pattern should definitely be recorded if possible.

Oceanic manta – Mobula birostris

Why special? One of the large pelagics that best represents Cape Verde's oceanic character.

What should a diver look for? The offshore-facing sides of current-swept headlands and deep walls.

Note for photographers: Belly spots are valuable for photo-identification.

Lemon shark – Negaprion brevirostris

Why special? Particularly associated with shallow coastal habitats and is one of the characteristic shark species of Cape Verde's shark ecology.

What should a diver look for? Slightly above the bottom in sandy areas and shallow transition zones.

Note for photographers: It's good to show both dorsal fins in the same frame.

Nurse shark – Ginglymostoma cirratum

Why special? Rests under rocks during the day; more active at night.

What should a diver look for? Cave entrances and under broad rock overhangs.

Note for photographers: An angle that shows the barbels in the head region should be preferred.

Blue shark – Prionace glauca

Why special? A true open ocean shark. Represents Cape Verde's pelagic character.

What should a diver look for? The open water column, not the bottom.

Note for photographers: A cross profile showing the long pectoral fins is the most characteristic view.

Scalloped hammerhead – Sphyrna lewini

Why special? An important pelagic predator recorded in Cape Verde waters; encounters require more luck and the right location.

What should a diver look for? Along deep wall edges and in open blue water.

Note for photographers: An anterior cross angle showing the head structure is valuable.

Loggerhead sea turtle – Caretta caretta

Why special? Cape Verde is one of the world's most important breeding areas for the species in the Eastern Atlantic.

What should a diver look for? Rock-sand transitions and benthic feeding areas.

Note for photographers: Head profile and strong jaw structure should be clearly visible.

★ Lubbock's chromis – Chromis lubbocki

Why special? Endemic to Cape Verde. Large pelagics can be seen elsewhere in the world; to see this species in its natural habitat, one must come to Cape Verde.

What should a diver look for? Small schools a few meters above the rocks.

Photographer's note: Shoot a few individuals together with volcanic rock habitat.

★ Cape Verde damselfish – Similiparma hermani

Why special? One of the characteristic pomacentrids endemic to Cape Verde.

What should divers look for? Small individuals defending territory on shallow rocky areas.

Photographer's note: Stationary waiting is the best approach since they return to the same rock repeatedly.

★ Sal blenny – Parablennius salensis

Why special? A small and cryptic blenny found only in Cape Verde.

What should divers look for? Small holes and crevices in very shallow rocky areas.

Photographer's note: Macro lens and patience required.

★ Cape Verde blenny – Scartella caboverdiana

Why special? The scientific name itself—"caboverdiana"—reveals where it's from; it is a true archipelago endemic.

What should divers look for? Small fish making short movements over algae-covered shallow rocks.

Photographer's note: Be sure to capture the cirri on the head and the facial pattern.

★ Salamansa goby – Gobius salamansa

Why special? Endemic to Cape Verde and named after the Salamansa locality in São Vicente.

What should divers look for? Small benthic gobies in sand-rock transitions.

Photographer's note: Lateral profile and habitat photos should be taken together.

Cape Verde endemic nudibranchs

Why special? Recent studies have reported that approximately 44% of Cape Verde's heterobranch fauna is endemic. This rate is quite striking for macro enthusiasts.

What should divers look for? Sponges, hydrozoan colonies, algae, and shaded rocky microhabitats.

Photographer's note: Not just dorsal view; rhinophores, gills, and lateral profile should also be photographed. Multiple angles are very valuable for species identification.

The main rule of diving in Cape Verde is simple:

Look at the rocks; endemics are there.

Look at the open blue; pelagics are there.

When you get back on the boat, keep looking at the sea; a humpback whale surprise in April is still possible.

Scientific sources

Barcelos, L. M. D., Freitas, R., & Barreiros, J. P. (2025). Checklist of coastal fishes from Cabo Verde Archipelago. Biodiversity Data Journal, 13, e148234.

Böhlke, E. B., McCosker, J. E., & Böhlke, J. E. (1989). Family Muraenidae. In E. B. Böhlke (Ed.), Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Sears Foundation for Marine Research.

Carpenter, K. E., & De Angelis, N. (Eds.). (2016). The living marine resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. FAO.

Hanlon, R. T., & Messenger, J. B. (2018). Cephalopod behaviour (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Heemstra, P. C., & Randall, J. E. (1993). FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125.

Lawrence, J. M. (Ed.). (2013). Sea urchins: Biology and ecology (3rd ed.). Elsevier.

Malaquias, M. A. E., Turani, M., Lopes, E., & Cervera, J. L. (2025). The Heterobranchia gastropods from the Cabo Verde Islands (NE Atlantic): A hot-spot of endemism. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 86, 104193.

Marco, A., Abella, E., Liria-Loza, A., Martins, S., López, O., Jiménez-Bordón, S., Medina, M., Oujo, C., Gaona, P., Godley, B. J., & López-Jurado, L. F. (2012). Abundance and exploitation of loggerhead turtles nesting in Boa Vista island, Cape Verde: The only substantial rookery in the eastern Atlantic. Animal Conservation, 15(4), 351–360.

Phillips, B. F. (Ed.). (2013). Lobsters: Biology, management, aquaculture and fisheries (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.

Rosa, R., Nunes, E., Pissarra, V., Santos, C. P., Varela, J., Baptista, M., Castro, J., Paula, J. R., Repolho, T., Marques, T. A., Freitas, R., & Frazão Santos, C. (2023). Evidence for the first multi-species shark nursery area in Atlantic Africa (Boa Vista Island, Cabo Verde). Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1077748.

Rouse, G. W., & Pleijel, F. (2001). Polychaetes. Oxford University Press.

Smith, D. G. (2012). A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae). Zootaxa, 3474(1), 1–64.

Stöhr, S., O'Hara, T. D., & Thuy, B. (2012). Global diversity of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). PLoS ONE, 7(3), e31940.

Wallace, B. P., DiMatteo, A. D., Bolten, A. B., Chaloupka, M. Y., Hutchinson, B. J., Abreu-Grobois, F. A., Mortimer, J. A., Seminoff, J. A., Amorocho, D., Bjorndal, K. A., Bourjea, J., Bowen, B. W., Briseño Dueñas, R., Casale, P., Choudhury, B. C., Costa, A., Dutton, P. H., Fallabrino, A., Finkbeiner, E. M., … Mast, R. B. (2011). Global conservation priorities for marine turtles. PLoS ONE, 6(9), e24510.

Wirtz, P., Brito, A., Falcón, J. M., Freitas, R., Fricke, R., Monteiro, V., Reiner, F., & Tariche, O. (2013). The coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands—new records and an annotated check-list. Spixiana, 36, 113–142.

Sea Creatures That Can Be Seen During Cape Verde Diving

Lemon shark – Negaprion brevirostris

Nurse shark – Ginglymostoma cirratum

Blacktip shark – Carcharhinus limbatus

Milky shark – Rhizoprionodon acutus

Scalloped hammerhead shark – Sphyrna lewini

Blue shark – Prionace glauca

Sand tiger shark – Carcharias taurus

Whale shark – Rhincodon typus

2. Rays and Mantas

Oceanic manta – Mobula birostris

Round stingray – Taeniurops grabatus

Common eagle ray – Myliobatis aquila

Spotted eagle ray – Aetobatus narinari

3. Sea turtles

Loggerhead sea turtle – Caretta caretta

Green sea turtle – Chelonia mydas

Hawksbill sea turtle – Eretmochelys imbricata

Olive ridley sea turtle – Lepidochelys olivacea

4. Large pelagic fish

Greater amberjack – Seriola dumerili

Almaco jack – Seriola rivoliana

Black trevally – Caranx lugubris

Crevalle jack – Caranx hippos

Atlantic bonito – Sarda sarda

Wahoo – Acanthocybium solandri

Barracuda – Sphyraena spp.

Yellowfin tuna – Thunnus albacares

Bigeye tuna – Thunnus obesus

13. Species to look for in night diving

African moray — Muraena melanotis

Tiger moray — Enchelycore anatina

Octopuses — Octopus spp.

Cuttlefish — Sepia spp.

Spiny lobsters — Panulirus spp.

Nudibranchs – Nudibranchia

Sea hares – Aplysiidae

Hermit crabs – Paguroidea

Shrimps – Caridea

Crabs – Brachyura

Sea urchins – Echinoidea

Brittle Stars – Ophiuroidea

Tube Worms – Polychaeta

A brief note for night diving

14. Marine Mammals to Look for During Boat Transfers

Humpback Whale – Megaptera novaeangliae

Bottlenose Dolphin – Tursiops truncatus

Atlantic Spotted Dolphin – Stenella frontalis

Pantropical Spotted Dolphin – Stenella attenuata

Spinner dolphin – Stenella longirostris

Short-finned pilot whale – Globicephala macrorhynchus

Species to specifically search for in Cape Verde

Humpback whale – Megaptera novaeangliae

Oceanic manta – Mobula birostris

Lemon shark – Negaprion brevirostris

Nurse shark – Ginglymostoma cirratum

Blue shark – Prionace glauca

Scalloped hammerhead – Sphyrna lewini

Loggerhead sea turtle – Caretta caretta

★ Lubbock's chromis – Chromis lubbocki

★ Cape Verde damselfish – Similiparma hermani

★ Sal blenny – Parablennius salensis

★ Cape Verde blenny – Scartella caboverdiana

★ Salamansa goby – Gobius salamansa

Cape Verde endemic nudibranchs

Scientific sources

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